The MOSFET

As well as the Junction Field Effect Transistor, there is another type of Field Effect Transistor available whose Gate input is electrically insulated from the main current carrying channel and is therefore called an Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor. The most common type of insulated gate FET or IGFET as it is sometimes called, is the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor or MOSFET for short.

The MOSFET type of field effect transistor has a "Metal Oxide" gate (usually silicon dioxide commonly known as glass), which is electrically insulated from the main semiconductor N-channel or P-channel. This isolation of the controlling gate makes the input resistance of the MOSFET extremely high in the Mega-ohms region and almost infinite. As the gate terminal is isolated from the main current carrying channel ""NO current flows into the gate"" and like the JFET, the MOSFET also acts like a voltage controlled resistor. Also like the JFET, this very high input resistance can easily accumulate large static charges resulting in the MOSFET becoming easily damaged unless carefully handled or protected.

Basic MOSFET Structure and Symbol

We also saw previously that the gate of a JFET must be biased in such a way as to forward-bias the PN junction but in a MOSFET device no such limitations applies so it is possible to bias the gate in either polarity. This makes MOSFET's specially valuable as electronic switches or to make logic gates because with no bias they are normally non-conducting and the high gate resistance means that very little control current is needed. Both the P-channel and the N-channel MOSFET is available in two basic forms, theEnhancement type and the Depletion type.

Depletion-mode MOSFET

The Depletion-mode MOSFET, which is less common than the enhancement types is normally switched "ON" without a gate bias voltage but requires a gate to source voltage (V_gs) to switch the device "OFF". Similar to the JFET types. For N-channel MOSFET's a "Positive" gate voltage widens the channel, increasing the flow of the drain current and decreasing the drain current as the gate voltage goes more negative. The opposite is also true for the P-channel types. The depletion mode MOSFET is equivalent to a "Normally Closed" switch.

Depletion-mode N-Channel MOSFET and circuit Symbols

Depletion-mode MOSFET's are constructed similar to their JFET transistor counterparts where the drain-source channel is inherently conductive with electrons and holes already present within the N-type or P-type channel. This doping of the channel produces a conducting path of low resistance between the drainand source with zero gate bias.

Enhancement-mode MOSFET

The more common Enhancement-mode MOSFET is the reverse of the depletion-mode type. Here the conducting channel is lightly doped or even undoped making it non-conductive. This results in the device being normally "OFF" when the gate bias voltage is equal to zero.

A drain current will only flow when a gate voltage (V_gs) is applied to the gate terminal. This positive voltage creates an electrical field within the channel attracting electrons towards the oxide layer and thereby reducing the overall resistance of the channel allowing current to flow. Increasing this positive gate voltage will cause an increase in the drain current, I_d through the channel. Then, the Enhancement-mode device is equivalent to a "Normally Open" switch.

Enhancement-mode N-Channel MOSFET and circuit Symbols

Enhancement-mode MOSFET's make excellent electronics switches due to their low "ON" resistance and extremely high "OFF" resistance and extremely high gate resistance. Enhancement-mode MOSFET's are used in integrated circuits to produce CMOS type Logic Gates and power switching circuits as they can be driven by digital logic levels.

MOSFET Summary

The MOSFET has an extremely high input gate resistance and as such a easily damaged by static electricity if not carefully protected. MOSFET's are ideal for use as electronic switches or common-source amplifiers as their power consumption is very small. Typical applications for MOSFET's are in Microprocessors, Memories, Calculators and Logic Gates etc. Also, notice that the broken lines within the symbol indicates a normally "OFF" Enhancement type showing that "NO" current can flow through the channel when zero gate voltage is applied and a continuous line within the symbol indicates a normally "ON" Depletion type showing that current "CAN" flow through the channel with zero gate voltage. For P-Channel types the symbols are exactly the same for both types except that the arrow points outwards.

This can be summarised in the following switching table.

MOSFET type	Vgs = +ve	Vgs = 0	Vgs = -ve
N-Channel Depletion	ON	ON	OFF
N-Channel Enhancement	ON	OFF	OFF
P-Channel Depletion	OFF	ON	ON
P-Channel Enhancement	OFF	OFF	ON

The MOSFET as a Switch

We saw previously, that the N-channel, Enhancement-mode MOSFET operates using a positive input voltage and has an extremely high input resistance (almost infinite) making it possible to interface with nearly any logic gate or driver capable of producing a positive output. Also, due to this very high input (Gate) resistance we can parallel together many different MOSFET's until we achieve the current handling limit required. While connecting together various MOSFET's may enable us to switch high current or high voltage loads, doing so becomes expensive and impractical in both components and circuit board space. To overcome this problem Power Field Effect Transistors or Power FET's where developed.

We now know that there are two main differences between FET's, Depletion-mode for JFET's and Enhancement-mode for MOSFET's and on this page we will look at using the Enhancement-mode MOSFET as a Switch.

By applying a suitable drive voltage to the Gate of an FET the resistance of the Drain-Source channel can be varied from an "OFF-resistance" of many hundreds of kΩ's, effectively an open circuit, to an "ON-resistance" of less than 1Ω, effectively a short circuit. We can also drive the MOSFET to turn "ON" fast or slow, or to pass high currents or low currents. This ability to turn the power MOSFET "ON" and "OFF" allows the device to be used as a very efficient switch with switching speeds much faster than standard bipolar junction transistors.

An example of using the MOSFET as a switch

In this circuit arrangement an Enhancement-mode N-channel MOSFET is being used to switch a simple lamp "ON" and "OFF" (could also be an LED). The gate input voltage VGS is taken to an appropriate positive voltage level to turn the device and the lamp either fully "ON", (VGS = +ve) or a zero voltage level to turn the device fully "OFF", (VGS = 0). If the resistive load of the lamp was to be replaced by an inductive load such as a coil or solenoid, a "Flywheel" diode would be required in parallel with the load to protect the MOSFET from any back-emf.

Above shows a very simple circuit for switching a resistive load such as a lamp or LED. But when using power MOSFET's to switch either inductive or capacitive loads some form of protection is required to prevent the MOSFET device from becoming damaged. Driving an inductive load has the opposite effect from driving a capacitive load. For example, a capacitor without an electrical charge is a short circuit, resulting in a high "inrush" of current and when we remove the voltage from an inductive load we have a large reverse voltage build up as the magnetic field collapses, resulting in an induced back-emf in the windings of the inductor.

For the power MOSFET to operate as an analogue switching device, it needs to be switched between its "Cut-off Region" where V_GS = 0 and its "Saturation Region" where V_GS(on) = +ve. The power dissipated in the MOSFET (P_D) depends upon the current flowing through the channel I_D at saturation and also the "ON-resistance" of the channel given as R_DS(on). For example.

Example No1

Lets assume that the lamp is rated at 6v, 24W and is fully "ON" and the standard MOSFET has a channel "ON-resistance" ( R_DS(on) ) value of 0.1ohms. Calculate the power dissipated in the MOSFET switch.

The current flowing through the lamp is calculated as:

Then the power dissipated in the MOSFET will be given as:

You may think, well so what!, but when using the MOSFET as a switch to control DC motors or high inrush current devices the "ON" channel resistance ( R_DS(on) ) is very important. For example, MOSFET's that control DC motors, are subjected to a high in-rush current as the motor first begins to rotate. Then a highR_DS(on) channel resistance value would simply result in large amounts of power being dissipated within the MOSFET itself resulting in an excessive temperature rise, and which in turn could result in the MOSFET becoming very hot and damaged due to a thermal overload. But a low R_DS(on) value on the other hand is also desirable to help reduce the effective saturation voltage ( V_DS(sat) =  I_D x R_DS(on) ) across the MOSFET. When using MOSFET´s or any type of Field Effect Transistor for that matter as a switching device, it is always advisable to select ones that have a very low R_DS(on) value or at least mount them onto a suitable heatsink to help reduce any thermal runaway and damage.

Power MOSFET Motor Control

Because of the extremely high input or Gate resistance that the MOSFET has, its very fast switching speeds and the ease at which they can be driven makes them ideal to interface with op-amps or standard logic gates. However, care must be taken to ensure that the gate-source input voltage is correctly chosen because when using the MOSFET as a switch the device must obtain a low R_DS(on) channel resistance in proportion to this input gate voltage. For example, do not apply a 12v signal if a 5v signal voltage is required. Power MOSFET´s can be used to control the movement of DC motors or brushless stepper motors directly from computer logic or Pulse-width Modulation (PWM) type controllers. As a DC motor offers high starting torque and which is also proportional to the armature current, MOSFET switches along with a PWM can be used as a very good speed controller that would provide smooth and quiet motor operation.

Simple Power MOSFET Motor Controller

As the motor load is inductive, a simple "Free-wheeling" diode is connected across the load to dissipate any back emf generated by the motor when the MOSFET turns it "OFF". The Zener diode is used to prevent excessivegate-source input voltages.

Freddy Vallenilla R,   EES,   SECC1